ABSTRACT Introduction: This review focuses on social stigma associated with mental health problems in Spain in recent years. Method: A systematic search was conducted in SCOPUS, PsycInfo and Pubmed from 2010 to 2021. Twenty-six articles met inclusion criteria, and their quality was assessed following the STROBE-checklist. Results: In the Spanish population, stigmatising dynamics are detected in three dimensions of stigma: cognitive (beliefs of dangerousness, unpredictability, irresponsibility); emotional (prejudices and emotions of fear, anger, blaming for the psychological problem); and behavioural (discriminatory behaviours, avoidance, coercion). The results also show significant levels of stigma among health professionals. In contrast, those who have contact with mental health problems, or are trained in mental health, tend to show lower stigma. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies with rigorous methodology are needed to access strong empirical evidence in this field. Contact and education may be relevant factors in programming interventions, both in the general population and in health professionals.

RESUMEN Introducción: Esta revisión se centra en el estigma social asociado a los problemas de salud mental en España en los últimos años. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en SCOPUS, PsycInfo y Pubmed de 2010 a 2021. Veintiséis artículos cumplían los criterios de inclusión y su calidad se evaluó siguiendo la lista de comprobación STROBE. Resultados: En la población española se detectan dinámicas estigmatizadoras en tres dimensiones del estigma: cognitiva (creencias de peligrosidad, imprevisibilidad, irresponsabilidad), emocional (prejuicios y emociones de miedo, ira, culpabilización del problema psicológico) y conductual (conductas discriminatorias, evitación, coacción). Los resultados también muestran niveles significativos de estigma entre los profesionales sanitarios. Por el contrario, aquellas personas que tienen contacto con problemas de salud mental o están formadas en el tema tienden a mostrar un menor estigma. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estudios longitudinales con una metodología rigurosa para acceder a evidencia empírica sólida en este campo. El contacto y la educación pueden ser factores relevantes a la hora de programar intervenciones antiestigma, tanto en la población general como en los profesionales sanitarios.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the role of stigma in different diagnoses of mental illness. A cross-sectional study (N = 255) was developed in two groups: users of a rehabilitation network for people with severe mental illness (Group-I) and people with common diagnoses in an ambulatory psychiatric service (Group-II). Internalized stigma, social stigma, self-esteem, and sociodemographic variables were measured. Mean comparisons, ANOVAs, and independent linear regression models were carried out. Similar overall scores were obtained for the internalized stigma, but Group-I reported more discrimination and resistance to stigma and also had less social stigma. The regression model for Group-I revealed social stigma and self-esteem as predictors, while in Group-II only self-esteem was significant. The study reveals differences in internalized stigma according to the care resource and diagnoses, suggesting different intervention lines and underlining the importance of further research on this topic.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio ha sido explorar el papel del estigma en los diferentes diagnósticos de la enfermedad mental. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal (N = 255) en dos grupos: usuarios de una red de rehabilitación para personas con enfermedad mental grave (grupo I) y personas con diagnósticos comunes en un servicio psiquiátrico ambulatorio (grupo II). Se midió el estigma internalizado, el social, la autoestima y las variables sociodemográficas. Se llevaron a cabo comparaciones medias, ANOVA y modelos de regresión lineal independientes. Se obtuvieron puntuaciones generales similares para el estigma internalizado, pero el grupo I manisfestó más discriminación y resistencia al estigma y también menor estigma social. El modelo de regresión para el grupo I mostró como predictores el estigma social y la autoestima, mientras que en el grupo II sólo la autoestima era significativa. El estudio muestra diferencias en el estigma internalizado según el recurso de atención y los diagnósticos, lo que sugiere diferentes líneas de intervención y subraya la importancia de seguir investigando en este tema.

ABSTRACT A symptom network analysis of specific phobia disorder (SPD) was conducted according to gender and age in 555 people over 65 in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The network was estimated using the InsingFit package that implements a procedure called eLasso. These results reveal differences in the strength, closeness, and betweenness of the different networks according to gender but not for the 65-74 and 75-84 age groups. The gender variable presents a greater presence of symptoms in women than in men. For all types of specific phobia, the symptom of greater occurrence for both groups was fear. The main difference between men and women over 65 with SPD lies in the situational type, where centrality is more distributed and where the most central symptoms are distress for women and fear for men. These differences in the networks seem to support the conceptualization of SPD from a dimensional point of view.

RESUMEN Se realizó un análisis de redes de síntomas del trastorno de fobia específica (TFE) según el género y la edad en 555 personas mayores de 65 años de la Comunidad de Madrid (España). La red se estimó utilizando el paquete InsingFit que implementa un procedimiento llamado eLasso. Los resultados presentan diferencias en la fuerza, cercanía e intermediación de las distintas redes según el género, pero no para los grupos de edad de 65-74 y 75-84 años. El análisis de la variable género muestra una mayor presencia de síntomas en las mujeres que en los hombres. Para todos los tipos de fobia específica, el síntoma de mayor presencia para ambos grupos fue el miedo. La principal diferencia entre hombres y mujeres mayores de 65 años con TFE radica en el tipo situacional, donde la centralidad está más distribuida y donde los síntomas más centrales son la angustia para las mujeres y el miedo para los hombres. Estas diferencias en las redes parecen reforzar la conceptualización del TFE desde un punto de vista dimensional.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has glucose variability that is of such relevance that the appearance of vascular complications in patients with DM has been attributed to hyperglycemic and dysglycemic events. It is known that T1D patients mainly have glycemic variability with a specific oscillatory pattern with specific circadian characteristics for each patient. However, it has not yet been determined whether an oscillation pattern represents the variability of glycemic in T2D. This is why our objective is to determine the characteristics of glycemic oscillations in T2D and generate a robust predictive model. Results: Showed that glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemia, and body mass index were all higher in patients with T2D than in controls (all p < 0.05). In addition, time in hyperglycemia and euglycemia was markedly higher and lower in the T2D group (p < 0.05), without significant differences for time in hypoglycemia. Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and total power of glycemia were significantly higher in the T2D group than Control group (all p < 0.05). The oscillatory patterns were significantly different between groups (p = 0.032): the control group was mainly distributed at 2–3 and 6 days, whereas the T2D group showed a more homogeneous distribution across 2–3-to-6 days. Conclusions: The predictive model of glycemia showed that it is possible to accurately predict hyper- and hypo-glycemia events. Thus, T2D patients exhibit specific oscillatory patterns of glycemic control, which are possible to predict. These findings may help to improve the treatment of DM by considering the individual oscillatory patterns of patients.

Resumo: O trabalho analisou os impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos da produção integrada de base ecológica, considerando a sustentabilidade em longo prazo das atividades de produção vegetal e da criação animal nas unidades produtivas. Para esse fim, foram avaliadas três unidades agropecuárias familiares, denominadas “A”, “B” e “C”, localizadas na Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal e Entorno (RIDE-DF). Nessas unidades, foi aplicado o Sistema de Avaliação Ponderada de Impacto Ambiental de Atividades do Novo Rural (APOIA-Novo Rural), o qual contempla cinco dimensões de sustentabilidade: (a) Ecologia da paisagem, (b) Qualidade dos compartimentos ambientais (atmosfera, água e solo), (c) Valores socioculturais, (d) Valores econômicos e (e) Gestão e Administração. No sistema, o Índice de Sustentabilidade da Atividade é definido por uma linha de adequação ambiental, estipulada em 0,70 (em uma escala de 0 a 1). A produção integrada de base ecológica das três unidades avaliadas gerou desempenhos positivos no Índice Médio de Sustentabilidade (0,74), com destaque para as dimensões Gestão e Administração (0,88) e Ecologia da Paisagem (0,79). Embora o resultado global tenha sido positivo, a análise apontou a necessidade de investimentos na variável solo sob manejo orgânico.

Abstract: The work analyzed the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of integrated ecological production, considering the long-term sustainability of plant production and animal husbandry activities. For this purpose, three family farming units, called “A”, “B” and “C”, located in the Integrated Region of the Federal District and Surroundings (RIDE – DF), were evaluated. In these units, the Weighted Environmental Impact Assessment System for Novo Rural Activities (APOIA-Novo Rural) was applied, which includes five dimensions of sustainability: (a) Landscape ecology; (b) Quality of the environmental compartments (atmosphere, water, and soil); (c) Sociocultural values; (d) Economic values and (e) Management and Administration. In the system, the Activity Sustainability Index is defined by an environmental adequacy line, set at 0.70 (on a scale of 0 to 1). Ecologically based integrated production of the three units generated positive performances in the average sustainability index (0.74), with emphasis on the Management and Administration (0.88) and Landscape Ecology (0.79) dimensions. Although the overall result was positive, the analysis pointed to the need for investments in the variable soil under organic management.

Resumen El rendimiento académico es considerado como sinónimo de productividad en el centro escolar, se expresa a través de calificaciones y está condicionado por múltiples factores, entre ellos la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto del programa de salud SAFiAl en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de preparatoria. La investigación tuvo un diseño cuasi-experimental, donde se incluyó un grupo control (n = 21) y un grupo experimental (n = 24) a los que se les aplicó una prueba pedagógica como pretest y postest. La intervención consistió en el desarrollo de un programa de salud conformado por ocho sesiones bajo la estructura de un diseño instruccional. Los resultados indican que, posterior a la intervención, el valor del rendimiento académico mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo experimental (14.12 ± 2.60) y el grupo control (12.04 ± 4.06) con un valor de p = 0.05. Entonces, se concluye que el programa de salud tuvo un efecto positivo en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de preparatoria.

Abstract Students’ academic performance is viewed as a synonym of productivity at school, which is expressed through grades and is determined by multiple factors, including health. This study aimed to determine the effect of the SAFiAl health program on high school students’ performance. This research adopted a quasi-experimental design, where a control group (n = 21) and an intervention group (n = 24) were included, and a pedagogical test was administered as pretest and posttest to both groups. The intervention consisted in the development of a health program conformed by eight sessions under the structure of an instructional design. The results indicate that, after the intervention, the academic performance value showed statistically significant differences between the experimental group (14.12 ± 2.60) and the control group (12.04 ± 4.06), with a value of p = 0.05. Therefore, it is concluded that the health program had a positive effect on high school students’ academic performance.

Abstract The study aim was to assess the effects of the health emergency and the stay-at-home restrictions on loneliness variables in the Spanish population during the initial stage of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 3480 people. From March 14, 2020, screening tests were used to evaluate sociodemographic and COVID-19-related data on loneliness, social support, the presence of mental health symptoms, discrimination, and spiritual well-being. Descriptive analyses were conducted and linear regression models were constructed. A negative association was found between loneliness and being older, being partnered, having children, being a university graduate, being retired or still working, having stronger religious beliefs, believing that information provided about the pandemic was adequate, having social support, and having self-compassion. Actions that promote social support and further studies on loneliness in groups of older people are needed to prevent the pandemic having a stronger impact on mental health and well-being.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la emergencia sanitaria y el confinamiento de la primera oleada de COVID-19 sobre las variables de soledad en la población española. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante una encuesta online a 3480 personas. Se evaluaron datos sociodemográficos y relacionados con la COVID-19 sobre la soledad, el apoyo social, la presencia de síntomas de salud mental, la discriminación y el bienestar espiritual mediante pruebas de detección a partir del 14 de marzo. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y se elaboraron modelos de regresión lineal. Pertenecer al grupo de mayor edad, vivir en pareja, tener hijos y estudios universitarios, estar jubilado o seguir trabajando, valorar bastante la religión, creer que se había proporcionado información adecuada sobre la pandemia, tener apoyo social y la autocompasión se relacionaron negativamente con la soledad. Son necesarias acciones que promuevan el apoyo social, así como un mayor estudio de la soledad en grupos de personas mayores, para evitar un mayor impacto de la pandemia en nuestra salud mental y bienestar.

Resumen Objetivo: Verificación del desempeño de las pruebas serológicas rápidas utilizadas en el departamento de Risaralda, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio analitico, de corte transversal. Incluyó muestras de sueros de trabajadores de la salud de la ciudad de Pereira, quienes tuvieron sospecha clínica y epidemiológica por SARS-CoV-2. El procesamiento y validación de las pruebas fue realizado en las instalaciones de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Se calculó sensibilidad y especificidad de las pruebas rápidas serológicas IgM/IgG usando como prueba de oro la RT-PCR. Resultados: Se incluyeron las muestras de 144 profesionales de la salud. Las pruebas serológicas rápidas evidenciaron ser útiles para identificar o descartar la presencia de anticuerpos IgM e IgG, especialmente en pacientes sintomáticos, en quienes el inicio de los síntomas es superior a 11 días. Discusión: El uso de pruebas rápidas se encuentra en aumento, no solo por la rapidez de sus resultados, sino también por los bajos costos asociados y la necesidad de identificar pacientes no susceptibles, quienes deben priorizar su retorno a actividades laborales en comunidad como parte de la reactivación económica de Colombia. Es necesario confirmar el desempeño de la prueba para aumentar la probabilidad de una adecuada clasificación antes de proceder a su uso rutinario.

Abstract Objective: We aimed to realize a verification of the performance of the rapid serological tests used in Risaralda department. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional study. Serum samples from health workers in Pereira city, who had a clinical and epidemiological suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 were included. The processing and validation of the tests was carried out at Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Sensitivity and specificity of rapid IgM / IgG sero logical tests were calculated using RT-PCR as the gold standard test. Results: 144 samples of health professionals were included. Rapid serological tests useful to identify or rule out the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies, especially in symptomatic patients, in whom the onset of symptoms is longer than 11 days. Discussion: The use of rapid tests is increasing, not only due to the speed of their results, but also due to the low associated costs and the need to identify non-susceptible patients, who must prioritize their return to work activities in the community as part of the economic reactivation of Colombia. It is necessary to confirm the adequate performance of the test to increase the probability of an adequate classification before proceeding with the routine use of this test.

Resumo A condicionalidade, entre outros aspectos, determina que o desenvolvimento regulatório dos países que integram a União Europeia possa ser realizado, como é habitual na esfera social, sem a intervenção, ainda que mínima, dos representantes dos trabalhadores e empresários, assim como de outras formações políticas no campo legislativo. Essa ausência de participação social ou política pode promover ações de resposta, sejam tradicionais (greves, manifestações, retirada de apoio parlamentar na adoção de medidas legislativas etc.), ou novos tipos (concentrações espontâneas em locais públicos, assembleias gerais de cidadãos sem convocador definido, surgimento de formações sociais e políticas de tipologia menos visível ou outras semelhantes). A crise financeira desencadeada no final de 2007 e a provocada pela situação de emergência sanitária decorrente da disseminação global da Covid-19, no início de 2020, têm incentivado precisamente o uso da condicionalidade no espaço da União Europeia. No entanto, as formas como a condicionalidade se desenvolveu em uma e outra crise no Estado espanhol não foram idênticas. Também não foram idênticas as reações dos atores sociais e políticos, pois se na primeira crise esses atores experimentaram uma redução nas suas funções de participação ou intervenção na ação legislativa e na proposição de ações políticas, na segunda as possibilidades de ação foram muito mais significativas, assim como a sua contribuição para os esforços a fim de superar a situação de crise.

Abstract Conditionality, among other aspects, determines that the regulatory development of the countries that make up the European Union can be carried out, as is usual in the social sphere, without the intervention, or at least minimally, of the workers’ representatives and entrepreneurs, and also from other political formations in the legislative field. Logically, this absence of social or political participation can promote response actions against them, either traditional (strikes, demonstrations, withdrawal of parliamentary support in adoption of legislative measures etc.), or new types (spontaneous concentrations in public places, general assemblies of citizens without a defined convener, appearance of social and political formations of less visible typology, or other similar ones). The financial crisis unleashed at the end of 2007 and the one derived from the health emergency situation due to the global spread of Covid-19, at the beginning of 2020, have precisely encouraged the use of conditionality in the European Union space. However, the way in which conditionality has been developed in one and another crisis in the Spanish State can be said that it has not been identical. Neither have been the reactions of social and political subjects, because if in the first crisis these subjects have experienced a reduction in their functions of participation or intervention in legislative action and in the proposal of political actions, in the second the possibilities of action have been much more significant, and also their contribution to efforts to overcome the crisis situation.

ABSTRACT 'Chevignon' is a winter wheat variety developed by ASUR Plant Breeding of France and introduced to Chile by the National Wheat Breeding Program at INIA Carillanca. The variety has medium plant height, intermediate cycle, with resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Erikss), and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis D.C. f. sp. tritici Marchal), moderate resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Erikss y Henn) and tolerance to septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Sand). It is a high yielding winter wheat variety with good quality characteristics for direct baking. It has a prostrate growth habit at seedling stage, with high tillering production. Its leaves are pale green, with a semi-drooping flag leaf. The spike is white, semi-erect, and parallel in shape, compact and without awns. The grain is round, medium-sized, and pale red, with occasional variations in endosperm pigmentation. The adult plant height varies between 105 cm and 110 cm, with an average of 105 cm, and with moderate resistance to lodging. Heading growth stage occurred 5 days later than cultivar Maxwell and 8 to 10 days earlier than 'Bicentenario INIA' and 'Kiron INIA'.

RESUMEN 'Chevignon' es una variedad de trigo de invierno, creada por la empresa ASUR Plant Breeding de Francia e introducida a Chile por el Programa de Mejoramiento de Trigo de INIA Carillanca. Es un trigo de altura mediana, ciclo intermedio, resistente a polvillo estriado (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Erikss) y oidio (Blumeria graminis D.C. f. sp. tritici Marchal), moderadamente resistente a polvillo de la hoja (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Erikss y Henn) y muy buena tolerancia a septoria (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Sand). Es una variedad de alto rendimiento, con buenas características de calidad para panificación directa. Es de hábito de desarrollo invernal, de crecimiento rastrero al estado de plántula y de buena macolla terminal. Sus hojas son de color verde pálido, con hoja bandera semi curvada. La espiga es de color blanco, semi erecta, forma paralela, densidad alta y sin barbas. El grano es de forma redondeada, tamaño mediano, color rojo, pudiendo presentar ocasionalmente ciertos cambios de pigmentación en el endosperma. La altura de planta adulta varía entre 105 y 110 cm, con un promedio de 105 cm, y con una moderada resistencia a la tendedura. Su período vegetativo desde siembra a espigadura es más tardío que 'Maxwell' en alrededor de cinco días y más precoz que 'Bicentenario INIA' y 'Kiron INIA' en aproximadamente 8 a 10 días, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The Rucamanque Park houses some of the remnants of the Roble-Raulí-Coigüe mixed forest in Central South Chile. Cortical lichens were monitored in Renoval and in the Original Remnant Forest of Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. We found differences in specific richness by tree species and between the Renoval (13 species) and the Original Remnant (7 species). The variables that affect the greatest richness are discussed, suggesting that the structure of the forest may play a key factor.

Resumen Introducción: son muchos los especialistas de Ciencias de la Salud que han demostrado lo interesante y significativo de utilizar la Música en sus tratamientos terapéuticos. No obstante, en España, solo una universidad pública cuenta con formación musical para capacitarlos en su utilización. Objetivo: esta investigación intentó demostrar la necesidad de formación musical desde el Grado de Fisioterapia, a través de propuestas de Movimiento con Música desde la perspectiva dalcroziana. Materiales y métodos: se realizaron una serie de prácticas de concienciación corporal con Música, atendiendo al trabajo de distintos elementos musicales y partiendo de las propuestas de Jaques-Dalcroze; que terminaron concretándose después en role-playing extrapolables a sus sesiones de prácticas fisioterapéuticas. Se distribuyeron a lo largo de cuatro semanas de trabajo, a razón de tres horas semanales de trabajo, que finalizaban con el feedback aportado por las propuestas prácticas adaptadas a sus futuras sesiones de Fisioterapia. Resultados: los datos mostraron la importancia que el fisioterapeuta concede al estímulo auditivo musical como motivador y no solo como relajante. Los resultados centrados en la interiorización-corporización, por parte del fisioterapeuta, fueron significativos porque se produjo un aumento de la concienciación acerca del propio movimiento corporal; hecho que, posibilitó una incorporación de sus propias propuestas durante el período de Prácticum. Conclusiones: Se pudo comprobar cómo la implementación de una materia musical en el Grado de Fisioterapia podrá contribuir al desarrollo de las competencias genéricas, específicas y transversales vinculadas a dicha titulación. La Universidad de Valencia se convirtió, así, en pionera al ofertar Musicoterapia a sus estudiantes.

Abstract Introduction: there are many specialists in Health Sciences who have shown how interesting and meaningful to use music in their therapeutic treatments. However, in Spain, only one public university has musical training to train the in its use. Objective: this research attempted to demonstrate the need for musical training from the Degree of Physiotherapy, through proposals of Movement with Music from the Jaques-Dalcrozian perspective. Materials and methods: a series of body awareness practices with Music was carried out, based on the works of different musical elements and based on Dalcroze's proposals; that ended up being concreted later in role-playing extrapolables to their sessions of physiotherapeutic practices. They were di stributed over four weeks of work, at the rate of three hours per week of work, which ended with the feedback provided by the practical proposals adapted to their future physiotherapy sessions. Results: the data showed the importance that the physiotherapist gives to the musical auditory stimulus as motivator and not only as relaxing. The results focused on the internationalization-embodiment by the physiotherapist, were significant because there was an increase in awareness about one's body movement; fact that, it made possible an incorporation of its own proposals during the Practicum period. Conclusions. It was possible to verify how the implementation of a musical subject in the Degree of Physiotherapy can contribute to the development of the generic, specific and transversal competences linked to said degree. The University of Valencia thus became a pioneer in offering Music Therapy to its students.

Resumo Introdução: muitos especialistas em ciências da saúde mostraram como é interessante e significativo usar a música em seus tratamentos terapêuticos. No entanto, na Espanha, apenas uma universidade pública possui treinamento musical para treiná-las em seu uso. Objetivo: esta pesquisa procurou demonstrar a necessidade de treinamento musical a partir do Grau de Fisioterapia, através de propostas de Movimento com Música na perspectiva dalroziana. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma série de práticas de consciência corporal com a música, atendendo ao trabalho de diferentes elementos musicais e com base nas propostas de Jaques-Dalcroze; que acabaram-se concretizando na encenação extrapolada para as sessões de prática fisioterapêutica. Eles foram distribuídos ao longo de quatro semanas de trabalho, na proporção de três horas por semana de trabalho, terminando com o feedback fornecido pelas propostas práticas adaptadas às suas futuras sessões de Fisioterapia. Resultados: os dados mostraram a importância que o fisioterapeuta atribui ao estímulo auditivo musical como motivador e não apenas como relaxante. Os resultados focados na incorporação-incorporação, pelo fisioterapeuta, foram significativos porque houve um aumento na consciência do próprio movimento corporal; fato que possibilitou a incorporação de suas próprias propostas durante o período de estágio. Conclusões: foi possível verificar como a implementação de uma disciplina musical no Grau de Fisioterapia poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento de competências genéricas, específicas e transversais vinculadas a esse diploma. A Universidade de Valência tornou-se assim pioneira em oferecer Musicoterapia aos seus alunos.

Abstract This article outlines ethnographic research conducted between 2016 and 2018, and offers an approach to what could be called homosexual identities in indigenous contexts, specifically in a secondary school located in an ejido of Ocosingo, Chiapas. It analyzes conflictive situations in the lives of three students who have come out as antsiwiniketik [women-men] in terms of their relationships with their classmates and with adults inside and outside the school. For the analysis, I review theoretical contributions and concepts such as power struggles, heteronormativity, sex gender system, gender studies, queer theory, and interculturality.

Resumen El presente artículo está basado en una investigación de enfoque etnográfico realizada entre 2016 y 2018, y ofrece un acercamiento a la percepción de lo que se podrían denominar identidades homosexuales en contextos indígenas, específicamente en una escuela secundaria ubicada en un ejido del municipio de Ocosingo, Chiapas. Se analizan situaciones conflictivas que experimentaron tres alumnos que se habían asumido como antsiwiniketik a partir de la relación con sus compañeros y adultos dentro y fuera de la escuela. Para su análisis se recuperan aportaciones teóricas y conceptos tales como: lucha de poder, heteronorma, sistema sexo-género, estudios de género, teoría queer e interculturalidad.

Abstract Splicing, the process that catalyzes intron removal and flanking exon ligation, can occur in different ways (alternative splicing) in immature RNAs transcribed from a single gene. In order to adapt to a particular context, cells modulate not only the quantity but also the quality (alternative isoforms) of their transcriptome. Since 95% of the human coding genome is subjected to alternative splicing regulation, it is expected that many cellular pathways are modulated by alternative splicing, as is the case for the DNA damage response. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that upon a genotoxic insult, classical DNA damage response kinases such as ATM, ATR and DNA-PK orchestrate the gene expression response therefore modulating alternative splicing which, in a reciprocal way, shapes the response to a damaging agent.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y bacteriológicas que influyen en la supervivencia de los pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas que desarrollaron neutropenia febril posterior a quimioterapia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal que incluyó adultos con diagnóstico de neoplasias hematológicas que presentaron neutropenia febril durante la hospitalización en 2014 en las sedes de Oncólogos de Occidente en Pereira, Manizales y Armenia (Colombia). Se realizaron análisis univariados y multivariados; la supervivencia se estableció según el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se estableció un valor de p <0.05. Se usó el software STATA. Se tuvo aval de bioética de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Resultados: se incluyó a 55 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 48 años (31-63), 27(49 %) fueron hombres. Los diagnósticos oncológicos más frecuentes fueron el linfoma no Ho-dgkin (29 %), leucemia mieloide aguda (24%) y leucemia linfoblástica aguda (20 %). La mayor letalidad se presentó en los días 21, 32 y 48. La mortalidad general fue del 9 % y la mortalidad por neutropenia profunda fue del 18 %. Conclusión: el número de neutropenias febriles, mayor tiempo de duración de la neutropenia febril, índice de Charlson y el antecedente de ingreso a UCI son factores de riesgo para mortalidad, mientras que el uso de piperacilina-tazobactam y el incremento en la puntuación del índice de MASCC son factores protectores.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological characteristics that influence the survival of patients with haematological malignancies who developed febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of adult patients diagnosed with hema-tologic malignancies who presented febrile neutropenia during hospitalization in 2014 at Oncólogos de Occidente in Pereira, Manizales and Armenia (Colombia). Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed. The survival analysis was established according to the Kaplan-Meier method. A value of p<0.05 was established for it. The STATA software was used. This study was endorsed by the bioethics committee of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Results: 55 patients were included. The median age was 48 years (31-63), 27 (49%) were men. The most frequent oncological diagnoses were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (29 %), acute myeloid leukemia (24 %) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (20 %). The highest lethality occurred on days 21, 32 and 48. Overall mortality was 9 %, mortality due to deep neutro-penia was 18 %. Conclusion: the number of febrile neutropenia, longer duration of febrile neutropenia, Charlson index and the history of admission to the ICU are risk factors for mortality, while the use of piperacillin-tazobactam and the increase in the score of the MASCC index are protective factors.